翘嘴鳜微卫星标记及其与主要经济性状的相关分析

利用筛选出的7对具有较高多态性的微卫星标记,检测106尾翘嘴鳜Siniperca chuatsi选育个体的基因组DNA,分析这些微卫星标记与翘嘴鳜体长、体质量和体高的相关性。结果获得67个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数为3~19,片段大小在147~530bp之间;期望杂合度0.5092~0.9207,均值为0.7574;各位点的多态信息含量在0.4639~0.9101之间,均值为0.7197,表明所选择的SSR标记识别力较高,适用于翘嘴鳜选育群体遗传分析和标记辅助育种研究。相关性分析结果表明,G4位点中含有的片段为219bp等位基因的基因型(229/219或219/219)个体的体质量、体长和体高的表型效应显著高于其他的基因型,G10位点中246/246基因型的体质量和体高表型效应显著高于其他基因型,可作为未来翘嘴鳜分子标记辅助育种的重要参考位点。     

水流作用下一种养殖金属网衣水阻力特性的数值模拟研究

为保障深远海金属网箱养殖系统的结构安全,进行网箱结构的水动力学研究是一项重要的工作。构成金属网箱主要组成部分的金属网衣是一种小直径多孔的网状结构,在波浪和水流作用下的水动力学特性与一般的海洋工程结构物有显著不同。本文基于有限元基本原理,采用梁单元模拟金属网线结构,采用连接单元模拟网线接触部位的相互作用,并运用ABAQUS软件进行数值计算,在试验验证的基础上,分析了在水流作用下一种金属菱形链网衣在不同网目尺寸、不同网线直径情况下的水阻力变化情况。数值模拟结果表明在各种工况下,当网目尺寸由25 mm增加到35 mm、45 mm时,网衣受力增加幅度的平均值分别为14.71%和38.07%;当网线直径由2.5 mm增加到3.2 mm、4.0 mm时,各工况下网衣受力增加幅度的平均值分别为25.05%和45.06%。研究结果可以为进一步开展深海养殖金属网箱水动力特性研究提供积极的基础。     

采用主成分分析法评价廉州湾贝类养殖区水质状况

为了解广西廉州湾贝类养殖区水质状况并指导渔业生产,借助SPSS软件,分析了2013—2015年该养殖区的水温、溶氧(DO)、化学耗氧量(COD)、溶解态无机磷(DIP)、溶解态无机氮(DIN)、石油类、汞(Hg)和叶绿素-a(Chl-a)等8项水质因子。采用主成分分析法筛选对养殖区影响较显著的因子来综合评价水质状况。结果显示,在产卵期(5月)和高渔获期(10月)可以各提取占总方差89.9%、92.9%的前4个主成分来计算综合评价函数得分,2013—2015年各监测期水质综合得分依次是0.220、-0.211、0.759、1.028、-0.977、-0.817,分值高低反映水质污染程度。2013年两个监测期的水质均属于III类,2014年两个监测期的水质均属于IV类,2015年产卵期水质属于I类,2015年高渔获期水质属于II类。由此可知,养殖区水质综合状况不稳定,年际间变化较大,曾出现Hg超标情况,污染较严重的是DIP、DIN和Chl-a。因此,养殖区应加强码头日常作业及沿岸工业排污口管理,同时应控制生活污水、农业废水排入,合理规划养殖规模,防止贝类养殖自身污染。     

Dietary fishmeal levels affect the volatile compounds in cooked muscle of farmed large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea

A comparative study on the volatile compounds in cooked muscle of wild and farmed large yellow croaker (LYC) was conducted. The two farmed LYC groups were fed with diets containing 44% (CF) and 25% (LF) of fish meal (FM) respectively. Results showed that 48 volatiles, including aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons, aromatics, acids, esters, furans and miscellaneous compound, were detected in cooked fillets. The LF group had significantly lower amounts of total aldehydes and ketones, higher content of miscellaneous compound in cooked fillets than that in the CF and wild groups (p < .05). Compared with the wild group, the LF group had significantly lower amounts of total alcohols, acids and esters, while the CF group had significantly lower amounts of total aldehydes, higher content of total ketones in cooked muscle (p < .05). According to the principal component analysis (PCA), some volatiles (propanal, nonanal, etc.) could be considered as sensitive indicators to classify cooked muscle samples. In conclusion, differences in the volatiles in the cooked muscle between the wild and farmed LYC have been found. Low level of dietary FM (25%) changed the volatile profiles in cooked fillets of farmed LYC. A PCA may be useful to screen potential volatiles to classify cooked muscle samples in this study.     

气象因子对寒地水稻鞘腐病发生的影响

为明确主要气象因子对黑龙江省水稻主产区水稻鞘腐病发生的影响,从2007年开始连续10年进行定点调查,收集水稻鞘腐病发生时期的气象因子及病情指数,采用通径分析及逐步回归的方法,对影响水稻鞘腐病病情指数的气象因子进行了研究。结果表明,8月份的平均温度是对水稻鞘腐病影响最大的气象因子,其次为8月份的平均降雨量和9月份的平均日照时数。试验结果为适期施药防治水稻鞘腐病奠定了基础。     

Otolith elemental characteristics of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) from brackish waters of the Gulf of Bothnia,Baltic Sea

To investigate whether European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) groups in the brackish (≤7%) Gulf of Bothnia (Baltic Sea) express specific otolith elemental characteristics, concentrations of elements (Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Mn, Fe) in whole otoliths were studied by inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry. Whitefish (N = 67) were sampled from six different latitudinal sites; four in the sea and two in rivers along the west coast of Finland, and from a fresh water lake for comparison. The concentration of several elements showed significant differences among sampling sites. Otolith Ba concentrations were higher at the northern sampling sites compared to the southern ones, thereby showing negative association to capture‐habitat salinity. In contrast, otolith Sr and Zn concentrations were lower at the northern sampling sites, thereby associating positively to capture‐habitat salinity. Otolith Mn concentrations did not associate with latitude or salinity but markedly varied between sampling sites. Elevated Fe concentrations occurred in fish otoliths from the two northernmost sites. Ca concentrations were at the same levels in otoliths from all whitefish samples. Otoliths of whitefish from the lake had very high Ba and low Sr concentrations compared to concentrations in otoliths from whitefish in the sea and rivers. Our results show that otolith elemental characteristics of whitefish vary considerably at various geographic scales showing high potential for population identification using elemental fingerprints. Analysis of otolith elemental characteristics may therefore provide an efficient tool for the identification of main areas of residence, spawning locations, and migration routes, thus contributing towards the sustainable management of whitefish stocks.     

Potential application of baited remote underwater video to survey abundance of west coast rock lobster Jasus lalandii

The first assessment of the baited remote underwater video system (BRUVs) for monitoring rock lobster Jasus lalandii (Milne‐Edwards) in South Africa was compared to annual ring net and trap survey data. Count data from 58 BRUVs, 36 ring net and 95 trap samples were fitted with generalised additive models using depth, habitat, time and spatial gradient as independent variables. A power analysis was used to determine the number of samples needed per annum to detect a 5 and 10% increase and decrease in population size. The BRUVs outperformed the nets and traps in terms of sampling effort and were better at detecting changes in abundance of lobster than abundance of three fish species. Considering factors such as cost, analysis time, additional data and environmental impact, traps are the most feasible method in deeper waters but BRUVs could replace nets and traps in depths less than 60 m, low‐density areas and marine reserves.     

响应面优化黑豆总黄酮微波辅助提取工艺及其抗氧化性能评价

为优化微波提取黑豆总黄酮化合物的工艺,并对其抗氧化性进行初步研究,在单因素试验的基础上,选取液料比、乙醇体积分数和微波功率为自变量,总黄酮得率为响应值的三因素三水平的响应曲面分析法,模拟得到二次多项式回归方程的预测模型。结果表明:提取工艺的最佳条件为功率600 W、液料比40∶1、乙醇体积分数60%,在此条件下,总黄酮得率达到22.1 mg·g~(-1)。抑制油脂过氧化作用的研究结果表明黑豆黄酮是一种天然的抗氧化剂。     

Cannibalism facilitates gigantism in a nine‐spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) population

Cannibalism is a taxonomically widespread phenomenon that can fundamentally affect the structure and stability of aquatic communities, including the emergence of a bimodal size distribution (“dwarfs” and “giants”) in fish populations. Emergence of giants could also be driven or facilitated by parasites that divert host resources from reproduction to growth. We studied the trophic ecology of giant nine‐spined sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius) in a Finnish pond to evaluate the hypotheses that gigantism in this population would be facilitated by cannibalism and/or parasitic infections by Schistocephalus pungitii cestode. Stomach content analyses revealed an initial ontogenetic dietary shift from small to large benthic invertebrates, followed by cannibalism on 10–20‐mm‐long conspecifics by giant individuals. However, stable nitrogen isotopes (δ¹⁵N) indicated a concave relationship between fish size and trophic position, with relatively low trophic position estimates suggesting only facultative cannibalism among giants. The unexpectedly high trophic position of the intermediate‐sized fish may reflect substantial, but temporary, predation on eggs or young‐of‐the‐year conspecifics, but may also partly result from starvation caused by S. pungitii infection. However, it seems implausible that parasitic infections (i.e. castration) would explain gigantism among nine‐spined sticklebacks because all >100‐mm giants were unparasitised. Hence, the present results suggest that an ontogenetic niche shift from an invertebrate diet to intercohort cannibalism may facilitate the occurrence of gigantism in nine‐spined sticklebacks.     

茶树GGPS基因家族的克隆、生物信息学和表达分析

牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶(Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase,GGPS)是萜类合成途径的结构酶,对植物生长发育具有重要意义。本研究通过RACE和RT-PCR方法克隆得到5条潜在的茶树GGPS序列,分别命名为CsGGPS1-4和CsGGPS9,其中CsGGPS9存在3条等位基因,分别是CsGGPS9-1、CsGGPS9-2和CsGGPS9-3,在系统进化树上与其他基因分成两支。蛋白质序列分析表明,茶树GGPS家族成员都具有polyprenyl_synt结构域,不存在信号肽序列。亚细胞定位预测结果显示,CsGGPS1、CsGGPS2和CsGGPS4定位在叶绿体上,CsGGPS3和CsGGPS9定位在线粒体上。通过Swiss Model进行三维建模,结合"three-floor"模型对茶树GGPS家族成员的功能进行预测,预测结果显示,CsGGPS1、CsGGPS2和CsGGPS4是GGPS;CsGGPS3是异源二聚体形式的牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶的小亚基;CsGGPS9的催化主产物是碳链数大于30的异戊烯基焦磷酸。q RT-PCR分析表明,CsGGPS1整体表达丰度较低,仅在一芽二叶中表达量稍高;CsGGPS2在茶树各个组织中均有表达,在花中表达量最高,且花发育过程中表达量先上升后下降;CsGGPS3在叶和幼根中的表达量高于花,花发育过程中表达平稳;CsGGPS4在茶树各个组织中表达量数值相近,在花发育过程中表达量变化趋势与CsGGPS2相同;CsGGPS9的表达量在成熟叶中显著低于幼嫩叶片。